Assessment of climate change adaptation strategies in developing countries: the case of Burkina Faso
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51599/is.2023.07.02.06Keywords:
adaptation strategies, sustainable development analysis guide, farmer, Burkina Faso.Abstract
Purpose. The objective of the study is to assess the sustainability of adaptation strategies promoted by farmers in agroforestry systems in Burkina Faso through the sustainable development analysis guide (SDAG). For this purpose, primary data were collected by the survey method. One hundred and four (104) people were interviewed using a questionnaire. Secondary data were also used. Descriptive statistics and the Excel logical test were used to analyse the collected data.
Results. The results show that in a context of climate variability, farmers mobilize several strategies such as: proactive, reactive and combined strategies. The adaptation strategy index shows that proactive strategies are strongly used, followed by combined proactive strategies, reactive strategies and silvicultural techniques. However, the first three strategies are used more by farmers. Moreover, the evaluation of the strategies used by farmers was based on the first three strategies. It was found that proactive and combined strategies are more sustainable than reactive ones, as farmers have difficulties in assessing the climate risks they face. Thus, the environmental component of sustainable development is strongly impacted by reactive strategies, which is reflected in the low weighting of respondents and experts.
Scientific novelty. The novelty is the use of the sustainable development analysis guide, which allows the sustainability of farmers’ adaptation strategies to be assessed. The tool made it possible to compare the results of field survey and the opinions of experts (through a literature review) with dimensions of sustainable development (social, economic, environmental). Thus, for each dimension, variables and indicators were associated. Thanks to the tool, the results were achieved.
Practical value. The advantage of this approach is that sustainability assessment can be done through empirical data (from surveys). This is important for developing countries such as Burkina Faso where assessments based on economic techniques are difficult, as the rural population is mostly illiterate.
References
Adeagbo, O. A., Ojo, T. O., & Adetoro, A. A. (2021). Understanding the determinants of climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder maize farmers in South-west, Nigeria. Heliyon, 7(2), e06231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06231.
Adger, N. W., Arnell, N. W., & Tompkins, E. L. (2005). Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Global environmental change, 15(2), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.005.
Akinnagbe, O. M., & Irohibe, I. J. (2014). Agricultural adaptation strategies to climate change impacts in Africa: A review. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 39(3), 407–418.
Afokpe, P. M., Phiri, A. T., Lamore, A. A., Toure, H. M., Traore, R., & Kipkogei, O. (2022). Progress in climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in sub-Saharan Africa farming systems. Cahiers Agricultures, 31, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2021037.
Amare, Z. Y., Ayoade, J. O., Adelekan, I. O., & Zeleke, M. T. (2018). Barriers to and determinants of the choice of crop management strategies to combat climate change in Dejen District, Nile Basin of Ethiopia. Agriculture & Food Security, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0188-y.
Arumugam, P., Chemura, A., Aschenbrenner, P., Schauberger, B., & Gornott, C. (2023). Climate change impacts and adaptation stratégies: an assessment on sorghum for Burkina Faso. European Journal of Agronomy, 142, 126655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126655.
Baarsch, F., Granadillos, J. R., Hare, W., Knaus, M., Krapp, M., Schaeffer, M., & Lotze-Campen, H. (2020). The impact of climate change on incomes and convergence in Africa. World Development, 126, 104699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104699.
Berrang-Ford, L., Ford, J. D., & Paterson, J. (2011). Are we adapting to climate change? Global Environmental Change, 21(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012.
Blamah, J. (2004). Impact des Aménagements antiérosifs sur les Productions fourragères et le Recyclage des Nutriments au Sahel. Mémoire d’Ingénieur du Développement Rural en Élevage, Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso.
Brouillet, A., & Sultan, B. (2023). Livestock exposure to future cumulated climate-related stressors in West Africa. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 2698. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22544-y.
Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Report of the World Commission on environment and development: our common future. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development.
Schipper, E. L. F. (2020). Maladaptation: when adaptation to climate change goes very wrong. One Earth, 3(4), 409–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.09.014.
Claessens, L., Antle, J. M., Stoorvogel, J. J., Valdivia, R. O., Thornton, P. K., & Herrero, M. (2012). A method for evaluating climate change adaptation strategies for small-scale farmers using survey, experimental and modeled data. Agricultural Systems, 111, 85–95.
Carr, T. W., Mkuhlani, S., Segnon, A. C., Zakari, A., Zougmoré, R., Dangour, A. D., Rosemary, G., & Scheelbeek, P. (2022). Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies for crops in West Africa: a systematic review. Environmental Research Letters, 17(5), 053001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac61c8.
Descheemaeker, K., Zijlstra, M., Masikati, P., Crespo, O., & Tui, S. H. K. (2018). Effects of climate change and adaptation on the livestock component of mixed farming systems: a modelling study from semi-arid Zimbabwe. Agricultural Systems, 159, 282–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.05.004.
Devkota, N., Phuyal, R., & Shrestha, D. (2018). Perception, determinants and barriers for the adoption of climate change adaptation options among nepalese rice farmers. Agricultural Sciences, 9, 272–298. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2018.93021.
Dilling, L., Prakash, A., Zommers, Z., Ahmad, F., Singh, N., de Wit, S., Nalau, J., … & Bowman, K. (2019). Is adaptation success a flawed concept? Nature Climate Change, 9(8), 572–574. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0539-0.
Djohy, G. L., & Bouko, B. S. (2021). Vulnérabilité et dynamiques adaptatives des agropasteurs aux mutations climatiques dans la commune de Tchaourou au Bénin. Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 74(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.36319.
Doria, M., Boyd, E., Tompkins, E. L., & Adger, W. N. (2009). Using expert elicitation to define successful adaptation to climate change. Environmental Science & Policy, 12(7), 810–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.001.
Dumenu, W. K., & Obeng, E. A. (2016). Climate change and rural communities in Ghana: social vulnerability, impacts, adaptations and policy implications. Environmental Science & Policy, 55, 208–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.10.010.
Epule Epule, T., Chehbouni, A., & Dhiba, D. (2022). recent climate change adaptation strategies in the Sahel: a critical review. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100110.
Endrikat, J., Guenther, E., & Hoppe, H. (2014). Making sense of conflicting empirical findings: a meta-analytic review of the relationship between corporate environmental and financial performance. European Management Journal, 32(5), 735–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.12.004.
Eriksen, S., Aldunce, P., Bahinipati, C. S., Martins, R. D. A., Molefe, J. I., Nhemachena, C., O’Brien, K., … & Ulsrud, K. (2011). When not every response to climate change is a good one: identifying principles for sustainable adaptation. Climate and development, 3(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.3763/cdev.2010.0060.
Fankhauser, S., Smith, J. B., & Tol, R. S. (1999). Weathering climate change: some simple rules to guide adaptation decisions. Ecological economics, 30(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00117-7.
Favier, C. (2003). Hommes, Savanes, Forêts: modélisation de systèmes dynamiques liant l’homme à son environnement. Ecologie, Environnement. Université Paris Sud – Paris XI.
Friess, D. A., Adame, M. F., Adams, J. B., & Lovelock, C. E. (2022). Mangrove forests under climate change in a 2 C world. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 13(4), e792. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.792.
Gnanglè, P. C., Yabi, J. A., Yegbemey, N. R., Kakaі, R. G., & Sopkon, N. (2012). Rentabilité économique des systèmes de production des parcs à Karité dans le contexte de l’adaptation au changement climatique du Nord-Bénin. African Crop Science Journal, 20, 589–602.
Gallopín, G. (2003). A systems approach to sustainability and sustainable development. Sustainable Development and Human Settlements Division. United Nations Publication. Available at: https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/5759/S033119_en.pdf.
Kabore, P. N., Barbier, B., Ouoba, P., Kiema, A., Some, L., & Ouedraogo, A. (2019). Perceptions du changement climatique, impacts environnementaux et stratégies endogènes d’adaptation par les producteurs du Centre-nord du Burkina Faso. VertigO, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.24637.
Kim, K. (2018). Proactive versus reactive corporate environmental practices and environmental performance. Sustainability, 10(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010097.
Khanal, U., & Wilson, C. (2019). Derivation of a climate change adaptation index and assessing determinants and barriers to adaptation among farming households in Nepal. Environmental Science & Policy, 101, 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.08.006.
Klein, R. J. T., Midgley, G., Preston, B. L., Alam, M., Berkhout, F., Dow, K., & Shaw, M. R. (2014). Adaptation opportunities, constraints, and limits. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, … & L. L. White (eds.) (pp. 899–943). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415379.021.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, 2nd ed. New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers. Available at: https://ccsuniversity.ac.in/bridge-library/pdf/Research-Methodology-CR-Kothari.pdf.
John, E., Bunting, P., Hardy, A., Roberts, O., Giliba, R., & Silayo, D. S. (2020). Modelling the impact of climate change on Tanzanian forests. Diversity and Distributions, 26(12), 1663–1686. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13152.
Haque, A. N. (2016). Application of multi‐criteria analysis on climate adaptation assessment in the context of least developed countries. Journal of Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis, 23(5–6), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/mcda.1571.
Lamichhane, P., Hadjikakou, M., Miller, K. K., & Bryan, B. A. (2022). Climate change adaptation in smallholder agriculture: adoption, barriers, determinants, and policy implications. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 27(5), 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-022-10010-z.
Lempert, R. J., & Collins, M. T. (2007). Managing the risk of uncertain threshold responses: comparison of robust, optimum, and precautionary approaches. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 27(4), 1009–1026. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00940.x.
Leisner, C. P. (2020). Climate change impacts on food security-focus on perennial cropping systems and nutritional value. Plant Science, 293, 110412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110412.
Liu, F., Lai, K. H., & Cai, W. (2021). Responsible production for sustainability: concept analysis and bibliometric review. Sustainability, 13(3), 1275. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031275.
Lu, S., Bai, X., Li, W., & Wang, N. (2019). Impacts of climate change on water resources and grain production. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 143, 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.01.015.
Mogotsi, K., Nyangito, M. M., & Nyariki, D. M. (2013). The role of drought among agro-pastoral communities in a semi-arid environment: the case of Botswana. Journal of Arid Environments, 91, 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.11.006.
Molotoks, A., Smith, P., & Dawson, T. P. (2021). Impacts of land use, population, and climate change on global food security. Food and Energy Security, 10(1), e261. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.261.
Montcho, M., Padonou, E. A., Montcho, M., Mutua, M. N., & Sinsin, B. (2022). Perception and adaptation strategies of dairy farmers towards climate variability and change in West Africa. Climatic Change, 170(3–4), 38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-022-03311-4.
Najjar, R. (2022). Four dimensional spatial sustainability (4DSS): a revolutionary approach toward utopian sustainability. Discover Sustainability, 3, 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-022-00090-x.
Nguyen, T. H., Sahin, O., & Howes, M. (2021). Climate change adaptation influences and barriers impacting the Asian agricultural industry. Sustainability, 13(13), 7346. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137346.
Olabanji, M. F., Ndarana, T., & Davis, N. (2020). Impact of climate change on crop production and potential adaptive measures in the olifants catchment, South Africa. Climate, 9(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9010006.
Ojo, T. O., Adetoro, A. A., Ogundeji, A. A., & Belle, J. A. (2021). Quantifying the determinants of climate change adaptation strategies and farmers’ access to credit in South Africa. Science of the Total Environment, 792, 148499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148499.
Osbahr, H., Dorward, P., Stern, R., & Cooper, S. (2011). Supporting agricultural innovation in Uganda to respond to climate risk: linking climate change and variability with farmer perceptions. Experimental agriculture, 47(2), 293–316. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479710000785.
Owen, G. (2020). What makes climate change adaptation effective? A systematic review of the literature. Global Environmental Change, 62, 102071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102071.
Robert, M., Thomas, A., & Bergez, J.-E. (2016). Processes of adaptation in farm decision-making models. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 36, 64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0402-x.
Savari, M., & Moradi, M. (2022). The effectiveness of drought adaptation strategies in explaining the livability of Iranian rural households. Habitat International, 124, 102560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2022.102560.
Schilling, J., Hertig, E., Tramblay, Y., & Scheffran, J. (2020). Climate change vulnerability, water resources and social implications in North Africa. Regional Environmental Change, 20, 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01597-7.
Seife, T. K. (2021). The impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in the greater horn of Africa. Politikon, 48(1), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2020.1861509.
Singh, C., Iyer, S., New, M. G., Few, R., Kuchimanchi, B., Segnon, A. C., & Morchain, D. (2022). Interrogating ‘effectiveness’ in climate change adaptation: 11 guiding principles for adaptation research and practice. Climate and Development, 14(7), 650–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.1964937.
Smit, B., & Pilifosova, O. (2003). Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity. Sustainable Development, 8(9), 877–912.
Perrels, A., Pohjola, J., Kujala, S., Hakala, O., Lehtonen, H., Lintunen, J., & Haakana, J. (2022). Proactive adaptation to climate change creates more benefits than reactive adaptation. Policy Brief 2022:16. Available at: https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/164032/16-2022-Proactive%20adaptation%20to%20climate%20change%20creates%20more%20benefits%20than%20reactive%20adaptation.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y.
Pisor, A. C., Basurto, X., Douglass, K. G., Mach, K. J., Ready, E., Tylianakis, J. M., ... & Jones, J. H. (2022). Effective climate change adaptation means supporting community autonomy. Nature Climate Change, 12(3), 213–215. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01303-x.
Purvis, B., Mao, Y., & Robinson, D. (2019). Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins. Sustainability Science, 14, 681–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5.
Traoré, A. Z., Yameogo, J., Ouoba, P., Semde, I., Nacro, H. B & Irénée Somda, I. (2022). Perceptions, impacts of climate change and adaptation practices among four socio-professional groups in Western Burkina Faso. International Journal of Natural Sciences: Current and Future Research Trends, 15(1), 15–30. Available at: https://ijnscfrtjournal.isrra.org/index.php/Natural_Sciences_Journal/article/view/1128.
Traoré, A, Ouédraogo, S., & Toé, P. (2020). Analyzing the determinants for the adoption of good practices as regards climate change adaptation in the Northern region of Burkina Faso. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 12(4), 229–237. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2020.1200.
Sanou, I. (2016). Perceptions locales sur l'usage des feux de brousse et son impact sur les services écosystémiques dans les formations savanicoles en zone soudanienne du Burkina Faso. Polytechnique université de bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
Uddin, M. N., Bokelmann, W., & Entsminger, J. S. (2014). Factors affecting farmers’ adaptation strategies to environmental degradation and climate change effects: a farm level study in Bangladesh. Climate, 2(4), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli2040223.
Van Alphen, H.-J., Strehl, C., Vollmer, F., Interwies, E., Petersen, A., Görlitz, S., … Bergsma, E. (2021). Selecting and analysing climate change adaptation measures at six research sites across Europe. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 21(7), 2145–2161. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2145-2021.
Villeneuve, C., Riffon, O., & Tremblay, D. (2016). How to conduct a sustainability analysis? Sustainable Development Analysis Grid (SDAG) of the Chair in Eco-Counseling. Department of Basic Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, in partnership with IOF/IFDD.
Villeneuve, C., Tremblay, D., Riffon, O., Lanmafankpotin, G. Y., & Bouchard, S. (2017). A systemic tool and process for sustainability assessment. Sustainability, 9(10), 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101909.
Yaméogo, J., Ndoutorlengar M., & Rouamba, S. (2022). Perceptions of climate risks, socio-environmental impacts and adaptation strategies: the case of market gardeners in the lowlands of Nédialpoun, Zoula Village (Burkina Faso). IIARD International Journal of Geography and Environmental Management, 8(2), 20–35.
Yanogo, I. P., & Yaméogo, J. (2023). Recent rainfall trends between 1990 and 2020: contrasting characteristics between two climate zones in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Bulletin of the Serbian Geographical Society, 103(1), 87–106. Available at: https://glasniksgd.rs/index.php/home/issue/view/107.
Yousefpour, R., Augustynczik, A. L., & Hanewinkel, M. (2017). Pertinence of reactive, active, and robust adaptation strategies in forest management under climate change. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-017-0640-3.
