Total suspended solids loading of stormwater from different land use areas in an urban watershed
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51599/is.2023.07.02.09Keywords:
event mean concentration, site mean concentration, stormwater, total suspended solids, watershed.Abstract
Purpose. Land use within a watershed affects surface water quality by creating a process by which diffuse pollutants such as suspended solids, trace metals, and nutrients enter rivers and streams. The purpose of this study is to assess pollution-load for Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and some trace metals in runoff samples collected during storm events in selected sub-catchment locations representing different land use areas in an urban watershed; and to determine the effects of land-use on the content of pollutants in stormwater using Event Mean Concentration (EMC).
Results. There were high EMC and Site Mean Concentrations (SMC) of TSS in stormwater in the six land-use zones examined, with values ranging from 154.0 mg L−1 to 1464.0 mg L−1; and 216.5 mg L−1 to 1153.4 mg L−1 for EMC and SMC respectively. The total content of suspended solids was significantly high, above the acceptable threshold of 100.0 mg L−1 stipulated by the WHO. The researchers also found a statistically significant variation in TSS loading of stormwater from the commercial land-use areas compared with the other land-use zones. A strong correlation was also observed between the volume of stormwater discharged and the TSS load. However, the concentrations of trace metals in stormwater were low across the land use zones. The commercial districts of the studied cities were found to be major sources of suspended solids in stormwater, and pollution of the urban watersheds leading to the deterioration of the rivers.
Scientific novelty. This study attempted to qauntify TSS load in stormwater and determine the contributions of the diffferent urban land-use areas to pollution yield.. It contributes to scientific efforts to directly quantify surface water pollution from nonpoint sources, since little attention has been paid to diffuse pollution, especially in sub-Saharan Africa; and provides baseline data for assessing urban stormwater in low-income countries.
Practical value. This study offers guidelines for city authorities to develop land use policies to control surface water pollution and urban waste. The findings may also serve as emperical basis for greater advocacy by civil society organizations for the proper management and control of urban rivers and streams for public health benefits.
References
Ogbonna, C. G., Eleazu, E. I., Obinka, A. N., & Ukpabi, J. I. (2016). Features of urban drainage systems in Aba, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 07(11), 3922–3931.
Sidek, L., Basri, H., Lee, L. K., & Foo, K. Y. (2016). The performance of gross pollutant trap for water quality preservation: a real practical application at the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Desalination and Water Treatment, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1145599.
Wong, T. H., Fletcher, T. D., Duncan, H. P., Coleman, J. R., & Jenkins, G. A. (2002). A model for urban stormwater improvement: conceptualization. Global Solutions for Urban Drainage. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)115.
Akintunde, O. A., Ozebo, C. V., & Oyedele, K. F. (2022). Groundwater quality around upstream and downstream area of the Lagos lagoon using GIS and Multispectral Analysis. Scientific African, 16, e01126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01126.
Fashae, O. A., Ayorinde, H. A., Olusola, A. O., & Obateru, R. O. (2019). Landuse and surface water quality in an emerging urban city. Applied Water Science, 9(25). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0903-2.
Stein, E. D., Tiefenthaler, L. L., & Schiff, K. C. (2018). Comparison of stormwater pollutant loading by land-use type. Available at: https://ftp.sccwrp.org/pub/download/DOCUMENTS/AnnualReports/2008AnnualReport/AR08_015_027.pdf.
Olusola, A., & Fashae, O. (2018). Urbanization and hydraulic geometry response: a model approach. International Journal of Water, 12(2), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJW.2018.091379.
Zhao, H., & Li, X. (2013). Understanding the relationship between heavy metals in road deposited sediments and washoff particles in urban stormwater using simulated rainfall. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 246–247, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.035.
Riedel, M. S., & Vose, J. M. (2003). Collaborative research and watershed management for optimization of forest road best management practice. In 2003 proceedings of the international conference on ecology and transportation “Centre for Transportation and Environment, North Carolina State University” (pp. 148–158). Available at: https://www.srs.fs.uStd. dev.a.gov.
Brodie, I. M. (2007). Prediction of storm-water particle loads from impervious urban surfaces based on a rainfall detachment index. Water Science and Technology, 55(4), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.094.
USEPA (2002). Nutrients and water quality. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/wat-qual.html.
Lee, J. H., Bang, K. W., Ketchum, L. H., Choe, J. S., & Yu, M. J. (2002). First flush analysis of urban storm runoff. Science of The Total Environment, 293(1–3), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00006-2.
Onyenechere, E. C., Uwazie, U. I., Elenwo, E. I., & Ibe, F. C. (2022). The urban informal sector’s activities and its influence on soil and water quality of some southern Nigerian cities. Scientific African, 15, e01077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01077.
Egbueri, J. C., Ameh, P. D., & Unigwe, C. O. (2020). Integrating entropy-weighted water quality index and multiple pollution indices towards a better understanding of drinking water quality in Ojoto area, SE Nigeria. Scientific African, 10, e00644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00644.
Dodds, W. K., & Whiles, M. R. (2004). Quality and quantity of suspended particles in rivers: continent scale patterns in the United States. Environmental Management, 33(3), 355–367. https://doi:1007/s00267-003-0089-z.
Tiwari, A. K., Singh, A. K., Singh, A. K., & Singh, M. P. (2017). Hydrogeochemical analysis and evaluation of surface water quality of Pratapgarh District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Applied Water Science, 7(4), 1609–1623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0313-z.
Jiao, D., Yuan, J., Lan, F., Qi, L., Qiuzhi, P., & Muyi, K. (2015). Impacts of landuse on surface water quality in a subtropical river Basin: a case study of the Dongjiang River Basin, South-Eastern China. Water, 7(8), 4427–4445. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7084427.
Faiilagi, S. A. (2015). Assessing the impacts of landuse patterns on river water quality at catchment level: a case study of Fuluasou River Catchment in Samoa (PhD Thesis). Massey University. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10179/7548.
Adediji, A., & Fashae, O. A. (2014). Sediment dynamics in a small, 2nd order urban River Awba catchment, Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Geography, 7(1–2), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.2478/jengeo-2014-0003.
Dan’azumi, S., & Barka, M. A. (2018). Event mean concentrations of urban stormwater runoff quality from a small catchment in Nigeria. ASM Science Journal, 11(2), 101–105. Available at: https://www.akademisains.gov.my/asmsj/article/event-mean-concentrations-of-urban-stormwater-runoff-quality-from-a-small-catchment-in-nigeria.
Atasie, O. C., & Egbuonu, A. C. (2017). Quality assessment of waterside river, ogbor hill, aba 1: effect of three-point samples on some hematological parameters of wistar rats. International Journal of Hydrology, 1(3), 68‒71. https://doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2017.01.00013.
Njoku, J. D., Amangabara, G. T., & Duru, P. N. (2013). Spatial assessment of urban flood risks in Aba Metropolis, using geographical information systems techniques. Global Advanced Research Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology, 2(3), 086–092. Available at: http://garj.org/garjest/index.htm.
Akintoye, O. A., Digha, O. N., Uzochukwu, D. C., & Harrison, U. E. (2015). The consequences of flood on occupational trips duration and flood risk assessment of Aba North Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 5(11), 153–165. Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234664288.pdf.
Ma, J., Khan, S., Li, Y., Kim, L.-H., Ha, H., Lau, S.-L., Kayhanian, M., & Stenstrom, M. K. (2012). Implication of oil and grease measurement in stormwater management systems. Global Solutions for Urban Drainage. https://doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)226.
Maloba, J. J., Alex, K., Njenga, M., & Akali, N. M. (2016). Effects of increased land-use changes on runoff and sediment yield in the upper River Nzoia catchment. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 76–94. Available at: https://iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType.
Caltrans Guidance Manual (2017). Stormwater Monitoring Protocols, CTSW-RT-00-005. Available at: https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/environmental-analysis/documents/env/ctws-ot-20-350-04-01-monitoring-guidance-manual-a11y.pdf.
Behera, P. K., Adams, B. J., & Li, J. Y. (2006). Runoff quality analysis of urban catchments with analytical probabilistic models. Journal of Water Resources Planning & Management, 132(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2006)132:1(4).
Wang, S., He, Q., Ai, H., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Q. (2013). Pollutant concentrations and pollution loads in stormwater runoff from different land-uses in Chongqing. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25(3), 502–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)61032-2.
APHA (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed., American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington DC.
Hart, H. M. (2006). Effect of land-use on total suspended solids and turbidity in the little river watershed, Blount County, Tennessee (Master’s thesis), University of Tennessee. Available at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1569.
Bent, G. C., Gray, J. R., Smith, K. P., & Glysson, G. D. (2001). A synopsis of technical issues for monitoring sediment in highway and urban runoff. Open-File Report 2000-497. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2000497.
WHO (2003). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 3rd ed., vol. 1. Available at: http://www.who.int/water.sanitation.health/dwq/gdwq3 rev/en/index.html.
Ayeni, A. O., Balogun, I., & Adeaga, O. A. (2006). Impact of selected landuse types on surface water quality downstream of ASA Dam in Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Systems, 32(3), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.2190/ES.32.3.c.
Boakye, E., Anornu, G. K., Jonathan, A., Quaye-Ballard, J. A., & Donkor, E. A. (2018). Land-use change and sediment yield studies in Ghana: review. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 11(9), 122–133. https://doi.org/10.5897/JGRP2018.0707.
Okpara, D. A., Kharlamova, M., & Grachev, V. (2021). Proliferation of household waste irregular dumpsites in Niger Delta Region (Nigeria): unsustainable public health monitoring and future restitution. Sustainable Environment Research 31(4). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-020-00077-1.
Adeyemi, M., Olusola, J., Akpobasah, O., Adidi, N., & Shelle, R. (2019). Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Sediments from Ologe Lagoon, Agbara, Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Geoscience and Environ Protection, 7(7), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2019.77006.
