Sustainable and circular textiles: an overview of Bangladesh’s ready-made garment sector

Abstract

Purpose. The purpose of this research is to assess the current status of sustainability and circular economy (CE) practices in Bangladesh’s ready-made garment (RMG) industry and to identify the main drivers and barriers influencing the adoption of circular production systems.

Results. The study determined that participating RMG factories have implemented several sustainability measures, including effluent treatment plants (ETPs), renewable energy systems, chemical and environmental safety protocols, and internationally recognised certifications such as OEKO-Tex, Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS), and ISO 14001. However, the integration of advanced circular economy models remains limited, with most initiatives focusing on waste minimisation, recycling of production offcuts, and resource efficiency. The main barriers to circularity adoption include high investment costs, insufficient technological capacity, lack of modern recycling infrastructure, and weak policy incentives.

Scientific novelty. The novelty lies in the integrated application of mixed-methods research – combining interviews, on-site observations, and document analysis – to assess the real-world state of circular economy implementation in the RMG sector. In contrast to previous studies, which focused exclusively on sustainability certification or environmental compliance, this research provides a multidimensional evaluation linking managerial perceptions, policy gaps, and technological readiness for circular transformation in Bangladesh’s textile industry. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of how sustainability and circularity are being integrated into industrial operations within a developing economy context.

Practical value. The practical significance of the study is determined by its contribution to shaping policy and strategic decision-making for sustainable industrial transformation. The research offers actionable guidance for policymakers, factory owners, buyers, and technology providers to promote coordinated interventions, enhance technological capability, and develop supportive regulatory frameworks. The findings can serve as a roadmap for accelerating Bangladesh’s transition towards a resilient and competitive circular textile system.